Planning System in Germany

Planning System in Germany A Brief Overview of the Planning System in Germany The federalist principle of the German state is divided between the Federation and the federal states. The federal states have their own state authoritys laws. This fact characterizes Germany as a decentralized state. The federalist structure contains three central levels which are the Federation, the federal states and the municipalities. They each have their own regulations but they are closely linked. At the federal level is the Ministry for Transport, Building and Housing, responsible for spatial planning. At present the predominant departmental assignment model is an independent ministry for planning and environment. Raumordnung is a term provides a classic model of the combined planning of land uses, preservation of heritage. The planning law in the Federal Republic of Germany consists of the Law of Raumordnung and of the Public Building Law. The outstanding feature of the decentralised German planning system is the fact that the Federation itself has no comprehensive and legal binding spatial planning instrument. So Germany has no national plan at its disposal, but in its place the established by the Federation principles of the Raumordnung which are the fundamental guidelines for the whole spatial planning and spatial policy in Germany. Legal planning instruments are reserved for the federal states. Only the federal states are obliged to draw up comprehensive plans and to determine objectives of the Raumordnung which are binding for all subordinate planning authorities (municipalities and sectoral planning authorities). On the level of the Raumordnung und Landesplanung there is no public participation up to now. The procedure for giving the Raumordnungsplaene a binding character is legally the most important act, and it serves to make the objectives of the Raumordnung binding for public planning authorities. This is achieved by means of †¢ passing of laws†¢ decisions taken by the governments of the federal states†¢ official approval/declaration of binding effects/approval by the planning authorities of the federal states. The comprehensive plans of the federal states (Raumordnungsplaene) and their regions (Regionalplaene) are legally binding for all authorities of the Federation, the federal states and the municipalities. This refers to the real contents of these plans, the objectives of the Raumordnung, which have to be observed by public planning authorities in all spatially significant planning procedures and measures. As a general rule of the German planning law, the undeveloped outlying areas should not be built on with the exception of â€Å"privileged developments (e.g. developments serving agricultural activities, specific public infrastructure projects). Those projects must be permitted in rural areas (without a legally binding land-use plan) in compliance with the FBC if public interests do not oppose and ample public infrastructure provision can be guaranteed. Other development projects may be permitted in compliance with the FBC as exceptional cases, provided that their execution and use do not conflict with any public interests and public infrastructure provision can be guaranteed.

Fathers and Sons in Dead Poets Society :: Essays Papers

Fathers and Sons in Dead Poet's Society A father is perhaps the most important role model to his son. The dominant culture states that when a boy is young, he looks to his father for help in identifying his role in society as a man. As the boy grows older, he looks to his father for guidance as to what course he should take in life. The boy becomes a man, and takes care of his father when he grows old and decrepit. This ideology is best shown on the classic television show, Leave it to Beaver. Mr. Cleaver is always present and understanding, willing to help his two sons, Wally and Beaver, through any problem they might face. In the present day political arena, a good demonstration of this status quo is the Bush dynasty. Ex-president George Bush set good morals and gave his son the nurturing needed to one day follow in his footsteps as president of the United States. However, while this stereotype of the perfect father is ideal, it is not realistic. Many times, the father figure in a son's life is abrasive or absent. When the father is not a typical role model to his son, the son suffers strong psychological repercussions and grows to hate and despise his father. This problem appears in present day society in the news, television and specifically, in film. In the movie Dead Poet's Society, directed by Peter Weir, overbearing and absent fathers make negative impacts on their son's development during adolescence. Fatherhood is a common experience for adult men. More than 90 percent of all men get married and of that percentage, 90 percent have children (Snarey 3). John Snarey writes that there are five elements that all fathers must apply to their parenting. First, the father must be present at childbirth. This sets the stage for the father's involvement in childcare for years to come. If the father is not present at the delivery, he is more likely to not be present while the child grows up. Second, the father must be home and available to their child while they are awake. On average, mothers are available three times the amount that father's are to their children (Snarey 33).

Gentleman’s Three Case Analysis

Report on – The Overhead Reduction Task Force Submitted by K. Ratna prashanth 2012H149213P Introduction: Counterdrop Appliances division is formed six month earlier by Central foods after acquiring a successful company named Kitchen Help’s; in the kitchen appliances range, it had established a good market in this category. Kitchen Help had good quality but financial constraints in order to expand whereas Food Corporation wanted to diversify. After acquisition the company poured in a lot of resources in Kitchen Help including the plant facilities and the employees.As a result the sales of the company grew to a large extent initially. After that there was a sudden fall in the revenue and profits. This lead to the replacement of General Manager(John Pero to Georgia Dixton). She has decided to tackle this issue by the reduction in overhead expenses by 20 % in order to revive future profits. To attain this she has delegated this responsibility to Controller Larry Williams. L arry William has studied the financial implications and the people in the organisation and come to a decision of reduction in the 20% departmental payrolls. Problem Definition:The Kitchen Help is undergoing a severe decline in profits and revenue. Human resources have been recruited (Good numbers) by the earlier General manager Pero to solve this. Although the company has taken action that these resources do not hinder the progress, it has nearly constant sales revenue and same sales level it maintained for past three years. There is no growth in the revenue. There is a problem of decline in profits in the most promising product lines of the Kitchen Help. The Coffee maker which gave a 30% of total revenue and 35% profits has a decline in demand due to competitor’s better product.Their price is less than $35 and it makes a coffee of same taste. Also there is steep decline in the demand of the microwave product range which used to give a profit of 18%. With decline in the Profi ts and the sales volume remaining the same the resources like recruited Human resource and the expanded pant capacity has not paid off its returns. The sales manager also finds it complicated to coordinate with the national, local and wholesale aspects of the sales force. There is a need for coordination among the mangers of various units so that there does not remain a gap in resource requirement and its consumption.Analysis: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Company poured in huge resources in the beginning of Kitchen help It purchased land and expanded plant facilities in order to meet the sales volume requirement. The number of employees in the division rose from 100 to 500. But the revenue volume remained the same and the profit level did not rise. On the contrary the company pays the sales force a 66% payroll of the Budget which is considerably high. ‘John pero freely added to their staff to meet delude in the orders of sale. This all is fine when there is a good volume and profits ar e being incurred. – This implies that there is currently no further need to recruit more people in sales force. Mort Burns, sales manager feels that sales force has a little impact on more independent appliance and hardware store owners who account for 15% of final demand. These are the entities not making profit. 20% of allocated budget to marketing is $1656000 whereas the number of employees is only 18. Investment in Prime time Advertisements and national campaigns has resulted in the huge budgeting. Payroll as percentage of budget is 10% which is $165600. There can be a 20% reduction in payrolls.Senior Staff where replaced by the new staff at Kitchen help, this has led to increase in sales volume temporarily but could not sustain the market condition and keep up the quality expectation. Introduction in the coffee maker section an innovative product was a competition to Kitchen Help’s existing product. It could make 10 cups coffee without change in taste. This was la cked by Product development team of Kitchen Help; who were working on it. 30% of division’s revenue and 35 % profit alone depended on this product earlier. The company should prioritise improvisation in this section.Williams’s analysis on financial trends says that discounts to large retailers rose from the year of acquisition. There is scope of making a 3% profit from the discounts given to retailers. Moreover the marketing and sales team has to make extra efforts to realise the revenue from the retail chains. Overhead expenses on sales force in this channel can be reduced which will facilitate reduction in marketing costs and increased administration overhead as well. Recommendation: ? Bob Ericson‘s team should come up with an improvised design to earliest which they were planning for the past 6 months.The Product and production team should decide and come up with a product better than competitors quality or ? ? should manufacture the same with a much better re duced price and design; i. e. less than $35. The company should concentrate on its wholesale and the national chains which are better sources of profit rather than the independent appliances and the hardware store owners. The cost to company should be cut down on non profit making entities and sales channel like independent products and hardware stores. The Overhead Cut off on these heads would result in profit and concentration on profit making channels.

How Parents Affect Their Children s Behaviors, Reactions,...

Parents can influence their children’s behaviors, reactions, and thoughts in many ways. Among them is the style of parenting employed, whether they are strict, negligent, supportive or uncaring. The way they speak to their children will be determined by the parenting style, demanding obedience without question, explaining the rules, being emotionally abusive or physically abusive. Abuse of any kind can leave lasting impressions on a child throughout their lifespan. Peers can also influence behavior and thoughts by being supportive and welcoming or by bullying or rejecting a child due to their sexuality, circumstances, or ideas. â€Å"The adolescent brain is often likened to a car with a fully functioning gas pedal (the reward system) but weak brakes (the prefrontal cortex).† (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014, p.8) While adolescents are individuals with their own minds and ability to control their actions, parents and peers influence adolescent behavior and thought in a multitude of different ways, from gender roles they are expected to fill, showing them how temperament affects behavior and interaction with peers and authority figures, and risky behaviors such as drinking and driving, using drugs, and having unprotected sex. Lev Vygotsky’s Socio-cultural theory of cognitive development focuses on the social influences surrounding an individual throughout their lifespan, birth through death. It â€Å"places a central focus on social interaction as a medium in which childrenShow MoreRelatedWhile The Rate Of Divorce Has Rapidly Increased In Recent1659 Words   |  7 Pageshave children and divorce is an impactful event that can cause life lasting effects on children. The effects that divorce has on children can cause serious psychological issues that may form and develop over time from toddlers into the adolescent stage of their lives. The divorce itself does not affect children in a negative way. The effects result more often from the feeling of uncertainty of what is going to happen after the divorce, from the level of conflict between the parents and from how theRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Children998 Words   |  4 Pagesdivorce, there are many children that have to go through this situation at a very young age. Children of ages three to six have a difficult time understanding why their parents are splitting up. 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