Darkness At Noon By Arthur Koestler - 2221 Words

Darkness at Noon, written by British novelist Arthur Koestler in 1940, is a criticism of Stalinism and the methods used by the Communist Party in the USSR. The novel was set in 1938 during the Stalinist Great Purge and Moscow show trials. Even though the story depicts actual occurrences, it does not specifically name either Russia or the USSR, but the characters do have Russian names while other generic terms are used to depict individuals and associations. For instance, the Soviet government is alluded to as the Party and Nazi Germany is alluded to as the Dictatorship. Joseph Stalin, a terrorizing dictator, is represented by Number One. The novel is a strong and moving picture of a Communist revolutionary caught up in the terror†¦show more content†¦It is important in the understanding of â€Å"anti-vivisection morality† and â€Å"grammatical fiction† to also understand the Russia in which Rubashov was living. In the 1930s, Russia was a communist country fol lowing principles based on the ideas of Karl Marx. Marx believed that at some point in time, all societies end up being communist which can only be accomplished through revolution. In the early 1900s, Russian was governed by the Bolshevik party led by Vladimir Lenon. Stalin came into power after Lenin died and shortly thereafter, he began executing all those who he believed posed some kind of threat to his power. In Darkness at Noon, this is exactly what happened to the protagonist, Nicolas Rubashov. He was an elite in the Party and was there as â€Å"Number One† rose to power and later became a victim during the Moscow purges. The power that â€Å"Number One,† in reality Stalin, wielded, had been seen before and since his time in leaders such as Cuba’s Castro and North Korea’s Kim II Sung. Both followed similar paths to Stalin in eliminating all opposition and threats to their power. â€Å"Number One,† like Stalin, got rid of anyone who coul d possibly threaten him and take over. With that thought in mind, we are back to looking at how Arthur Koestler portrayed the character of Rubashov as a vehicle to illustrate the struggle between the ideas of the party and of the individual. The conspicuous disagreement of the Communist Party is the contention betweenShow MoreRelated`` Darkness At Noon `` By Arthur Koestler2081 Words   |  9 PagesNovel name as â€Å"Darkness at Noon† is Written by a British novelist Arthur Koestler. For the first time, this novel was published in 1940. The novel situated in 1938 amid the Stalinist Great Purge and Moscow reveal trials. In spite of being initiated on genuine occasions, the novel does not title either Russia or the USSR, and tends to utilize non-specific terms to depict individuals and associations: for instance, the Soviet government is alluded to as the Party and Nazi Germany is alluded to asRead MoreThe Failure Of The Communist Movement1347 Words   |  6 Pages years w ent by and Russia only saw the significant decrease of Soviet citizens caused by forced famine and liquidation. The failure of the communist movement can be seen in its flaws of its ideology. Arthur Koestler depicts and explains the fundamental flaw of communism, in his work Darkness at Noon, as the first person singular, simply known as â€Å"I†. The philosophy of Stalinist’s perfect soviet society are ruined because of this â€Å"grammatical fiction.† What is â€Å"Grammatical Fiction†? In a communistRead MoreDarkness At Noon And Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness2006 Words   |  9 PagesArthur Koestler’s Darkness at Noon and Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness offer important realizations about the honest nature of the world through effective portrayals of how truth, or the lack thereof, contribute to the unity of humanity. Darkness at Noon displays an in-depth life story of Rubashov, a man imprisoned for political crimes, who becomes torn between the evolving ideology of the Party and his own moral ideals. Focusing on his incarceration, the story provides effective insight into whyRead MoreDarkness at Noon Essay2227 Words   |  9 PagesRevolution and the purges of Leninist and Stalinist Russia have spawned a literary output that is as diverse as it is voluminous. Darkness at Noon, a novel detailing the infamous Moscow Show Trials, conducted during the reign of Joseph Stalin is Arthur Koestler’s commentary upon the event that was yet another a ttempt by Stalin to silence his critics. In the novel, Koestler expounds upon Marxism, and the reason why a movement that had as its aim the â€Å"regeneration of mankind, should issue in its enslavement†Read MoreEssay on Guilty Betrayal in Arthur Koestlers Darkness at Noon1381 Words   |  6 PagesGuilty Betrayal in Arthur Koestlers Darkness at Noon Arthur Koestlers Darkness at Noon depicts the fallacious logic of a totalitarian regime through the experiences of Nicolas Salmanovitch Rubashov. Rubashov had fought in the revolution and was once part of the Central Committee of the Party, but he is arrested on charges of instigating attempted assassinations of No. 1, and for taking part in oppositional, counter-revolutionary activities, and is sent to a Soviet prison. Rubashov, in hisRead MoreDarkness at Noon Essay2101 Words   |  9 PagesMarkovic Western Heritage 26 March 2012 Darkness At Noon Many critics consider Arthur Koestlers novel, Darkness At Noon, to be one of the most insightful literary works regarding the qualitative attributes and characteristics of a totalitarian regime. Because of Koestlers personal experience as a Fascists prisoner under Franco, one can understand and appreciate the deep connecting parallels between Nicholas Rubashov, the protagonist, and Arthur Koestler, the author. At the time when this novelRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagescongenial, and they spent many hours playing poker, telling adventure stories, and singing songs in foreign languages. In December, after the freighter became iced in, Hughes read Samuel Butlers The Way of All Flesh, Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, and other classic novels. During this time, he wrote fifteen poems, among them, My People, and Three Poems of Harlem, about jazz music, street women, and emotion-charged religion. In a poem entitled F.S. Hughes expresses sadness that a friend

Essay about Anorexia - Is There A Cure What Is It

Is There A Cure? What Is It? Although there is no quick cure or medication for anorexia, there are treatments. Depending on the severity of someone suffering from anorexia, hospitalization might be necessary. For instance, if the person refuses to eat, a feeding tube would be required. At a hospital, anorexics will need treatments for malnutrition involving a significant focus on weight gain since they are drastically underweight. After hospitalization, anorexics go through programs that treat the psychological disorders relating to anorexia involving guidance from a medical-care provider, a nutritionist, and a mental-health-care provider. There are also other programs that treat anorexia ranging from individual therapy to group or†¦show more content†¦Anorexics can go to a variety of places for help. There are eating disorder clinics in Canada that offers courses and counselling to prevent or treat anorexia in Canada such as the Cedric Centre, St. Pauls and BC Childrens Ho spital/Youth Clinic. The courses range from workshop to individual or group therapy designed to raise someone’s confidence. In addition there are camps that help anorexics by focusing on healthy eating and living through helpful adventures and finding support from others suffering from the exact same problems. An example of one of the camps is the Looking Glass Foundation of BC. For more information about these various places go to these following websites: http://www.lookingglassbc.com/ http://www.cedriccentre.com/ What type of people does it affect the most? Approximately 95% of anorexics are female. Usually young women are concerned about the way their bodies look and some might purposely starve themselves because of social pressure to be thin. Teens are faced with feelings of uncertainty and anxiety and want to fit in and be popular. Although anorexia is most common in teens, young children and adults also suffer from this eating disorder. Occupations that involve having a certain body type such as athletes, models, ballet dancers and actors are also at a greater risk of developing anorexia. What will happen if Anorexia is left untreated? What are the health risks? Since anorexicsShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : The Forgotten Issue1302 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent types of eating disorders, the main ones are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. Anorexia is probably the most well known of all the eating disorders, defined as â€Å"loss of appetite†, people with anorexia normally do not eat or eat very small portions (â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa†). Bulimia, is another eating disorder where people eat mass amounts of food and then discard the food from their body. (Bulimia Nervosa.) This is very different from anorexia but they both have similar reasoning behind themRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1462 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders, but there are three common ones that are known today, which are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders are not healthy, this type of disease can be very fatal and crucial to one s health   mentally, physically, and socially. The purpose of this repor t is to provide background information about eating disorders, strategies to prevent this illness from occurring, and lastly potential cures and treatments that can be attained to an individual if the illnessRead MoreEating Disorders : A Struggle Women Face All Around The World1114 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasingly more prevalent in America as time continues. People do not die from suicide; they die from sadness. According to the South Carolina Department of Mental Health one in two hundred American women suffer from anorexia and twenty percent of people suffering from anorexia will prematurely die from complications caused by their eating disorder commonly between the ages of twelve to twenty-five. No girl at such a young age should have such â€Å"thin† expectations of herself. Images of women inRead MoreBeauty Only Skin Deep: The Reality of Anorexia and Bulimia 1574 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many forms of eating disorders in the world; however, the two most common disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia and Bulimia are found mostly in teens and young adult women (Amjad). Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person will starve them self in order to loose weight. (Amjad) Bulimia Nervosa is another common form of an eating disorder. In this case a person will go through periods of binge eating and then self-induce themselves to purge or vomitRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Weight And Disordered Eating1203 Words   |  5 Pagessyndrome of â€Å"eating disorders† is now emerging as a place of importance in our society. Rhetorical Purpose: 2 â€Å"One reason it is so important to understand how the rhetoric of popular media coverage of anorexia articles maintains women s marginalization is that The American Anorexia and Bulimia Association [AABA] (2001) estimates that five million U.S. women suffer from some form of eating disorder, 15 percent of Americans have eating disordered attitudes, and 1,000 people will die each yearRead MoreCommon Psychological Disorders And How They Affect A Persons Daily Life995 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract In this essay I will be discussing five of the most common psychological disorders and how they affect a persons daily life, behavior, weight, personality and etc. The five disorders I will be mentioning are: Alzheimer, OCD/panic/anxiety, Anorexia, Autism, and depression. According to studies there can be 3 million or more people are diagnosed with one of these disorders each year. These disorders lead to cases like memory loss, extreme dieting, self-harm, unwanted thoughts, bad communicationRead MoreMim Udovitch vs. Ken Jackson Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesmodels on T.V, magazines and so on. The  New York Times  publishes articles for the majority of the audience to read, which  is mostly adults.  Mim  Udovitch’s  article, â€Å"A Secret Society of the Starving†Ã‚  talks about two major eating disorders that are anorexia and bulimia within many girls.  Udovitch  reports stories about three girls that are going through these disorders or have gone thr ough them. The three girls  Udovitch  includes are Claire, Chaos, and  Futurebird. Ken Jackson’s interpretation of  Udovitch’s  articleRead MoreWhat Are Eating Disorders?1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are eating disorders? The eating disorders anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating, and their variants, all feature serious disturbances in eating behavior and weight regulation (Eating Disorders: About More Than Food, 2014). Many eating disorders are associated with different types of psychological, physical, and social consequences. An individual with an eating disorder may start out with a simple diet or cutting back on their intake of food, but at some point, there is an urgeRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa As A Pathological Fear Of Gaining Weight1195 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Anorexia Nervosa is a type of eating disorder defined as a pathological fear of gaining weight. In its simple term, is self-starvation. There are records that Simone Porta of Genoa, Italy, diagnosed the first medical account of anorexia nervosa in 1500. A hundred years later, in 1689, Sir. Richard Morton, a British physician offered a detailed explanation of the medical illness and reported two adolescent cases (One female and one male). He describes it as wasting away due to emotionalRead MoreEssay on Anorexia1228 Words   |  5 Pages quot;Anorexia Nervosaquot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bizarre, devastating, and baffling are three words that describe the anorexia nervosa disease. By definition, anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continue to starve themselves. The term quot;anorexia nervosaquot; literally means nervous lose of appetite. People with the disorder are suppressing a strong desire to eat, because they are

Wal-Mart Supply Chain. free essay sample

Docking system. ЂDistribution centers were serviced by own Wal-Marts trucks. their hours of service every day. ЂHiring only experienced drivers for trucks. Distribution system Barcode Technology. Establish long -term relationships Hand-Held computer system. Procured goods directly from manufacturers. Drivers had to report 2. -The use of innovative information technology tools had benefited Wal-Marts supply management. In the light of the above statement, briefly explain how IT benefited Wal-Marts logistics and inventory management. About logistics benefits: Various technologies made supply chain more convenient regardless the area. They Made distribution process more efficient in terms of money and time (cross docking). With this they finished goods directly supplied to customers from manufacturing plant which meant happy customers and reduced storage of finished goods. About inventory benefits: Used his own satellite communication system, autonomous. Wal-Mart also automated Reordering System which allows them to collaborate with other companies and to control the huge supply chain. We will write a custom essay sample on Wal-Mart Supply Chain. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nevertheless, they used new technology like algorithm system to forecast exact quantities and bar Coding and fixed optical eader, these technologies made an efficient picking, receiving and also they did proper inventory control picking and were a major advance for physical counting of inventory. 3. -What were the supply chain management process adopted by Wal-Mart and how far were they effective? Discuss. Procurement and Distribution processes. Wal-Mart Procured directly from manufacturers, generally, preferred local and regional vendor and suppliers. These were effective because the lowed price to customers, helped supervisor to monitor their employees losely and helped to satisfy customer needs quickly. Logistic Management Used more than 3,500 trucks for transportation. Cares about Hiring only experienced drivers. And shifted from supply chain to demand chain. Both of them were effective processes because goods were picked directly from manufacturer and they reduced the handling and storage charges. Inventory Management : Used of IT and Communication system like satellite communication. Allowed Wal-Mart to Collaborate with PG. These were effective processes because they helped many areas to communicate with tores, reduce unproductive inventory and helped in accurate distribution of goods. 4. What was the nature of benefits derived by Wal-mart from the efficient supply chain management practices and how far it has contributed to its sustainable competitive advantage? faster than its competitors * warehouse space Low transportation cost. Wal-Mart was able to fill the shelves four times Increased Accurate forecasting of inventory levels allowed elimination of old stocks and maintained quality of goods * Everything focous to have best sell-price

The Age Of The Universe Essays - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang

The Age of the Universe INTRODUCTION: The goal of the project is to find the age of the universe according to the theory that there were equal amounts of the two uranium isotopes U235 and U238 at the time of the Big Bang. At present, there are 137.7 U238 atoms for each atom of U235. We know that the half-life of U235 is 0.71 billion years, and the half-life of U238 is 4.51 billion years, we used this information to determine the age of the universe. We started by looking at the problem mathematically and then after figuring out the age of the universe with the above information. We proceeded to look for other sources of information about the age of the universe with supporting data. The two largest sources that were found were a Seattle University professor and a theory proposed by Edwin Hubble. CALCULATIONS Using the information above, we Y238(t) = Y238(0)ekt = No ekt Where No ekt is initial amount presumed equal for both isotopes. Y238(0) is the amount at Big Bang. Using the half-life formula of k = -ln2/T1. Where T1 is 4.51 in billion of years. Y235(t) = Y235(0)ekt = No ekt Y235(0) is the amount at Big Bang. Using the half-life formula of k2 = -ln2/T2. Where T2 is 0.71 in billions of years. Given these equations, they hypothesis of the problem is states that Y235(tnow) 1 Y238(tnow) = 137.7 Y238(tnow) Y235(tnow) = 137.7 So Y238(tnow) = Y238(0) ekt = No ek2tnow = etnow(k2-K1) = 137.7 Y235(tnow) Y235(0) ekt Noek1tnow Given that tnow cancels out for both U235 and U238 we are left with the equation of: tnow ( -ln2 + -ln2) = 137.7 4.51 0.71 tnow ( .82257) = ln(137.7) tnow (.82257) = 4.92508 solving for tnow: tnow = 5.987 billion years. So this theory estimates the age of the universe to roughly 6 billion years old. COUNTERING THEORIES: HUBBLE THEORY In 1929, Edwin Hubble decided that because the light coming from most galaxies was redshifted. (The apparent change in wavelength of sound or light caused by the motion of the source, observer or both. Waves emitted by a moving object as received by an observer will be blueshifted (compressed) if approaching, redshifted (elongated) if receding. It occurs both in sound and light. How much the frequency changes depend on how fast the object is moving toward or away from the receiver.) Hubble concluded that the universe must be expanding after exploding from an infinitesimal volume of super hot, super dense concentration of matter and energy. The explosion is called the big bang, which propelled matter in all directions and at all speeds. According to the big bang theory, the farther away an object is from us, the more redshifted its light. Also, a greater redshift means the object is moving away faster than objects with less redshift. In Designs and Origins in Astronomy, Mulfinger explains the redshift technique for measuring distances to distant galaxies. If the universe is not expanding, this cannot be true and the redshift must be due to other causes. An astronomer can tell how old the universe is by the rate of expansion. Cowen in 1994, clarifies that if the redshift is due to something other than expansion, nothing can be said about the universe's age. As we shall discuss further in connection with the big bang, there is strong evidence that the Universe has not always existed, but instead came into being a finite amount of time ago. There are several measures of the age of the Universe. Let us discuss two: (1) the age of globular clusters and (2) the inverse of the Hubble constant. Globular Clusters As a counter to the mathematical theory, globular clusters provide a measure of the age of the cluster. A cluster is a system of galaxies containing from a few to a few thousand-member galaxies, which are all gravitationally bound to each other. Thus, the age of such clusters place a limit on the age of the Universe, for it must be at least as old as the objects that it contains. Such estimates typically yield ages in the range 14-18 billion years Hubble Time The inverse of the Hubble constant H has the units of time because the Hubble law is v = H d where v is the velocity of recession,

Stetson University Admissions and Acceptance Rate

Stetson University Admissions and Acceptance Rate As two-thirds of applicants are admitted to Stetson University each year, students with good grades and strong writing skills have a good chance of being accepted to the school. Interested students will need to submit an application, official high school transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a writing sample. SAT and/or ACT scores are not required.   Neither are campus visits, although they are encouraged for all applicants. You can apply with the Common Application or use the applications available on the universitys website. Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Stetson University Acceptance Rate: 66  percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for StetsonTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanTop Florida college SAT score comparisonAtlantic Sun Conference SAT comparisonACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -What these ACT numbers meanTop Florida college ACT score comparisonAtlantic Sun Conference ACT comparison Stetson University Description Stetson University has four campuses in Florida, but the main undergraduate campus is in DeLand Florida, west of Daytona Beach. The other campuses are in Celebration, Tampa, and Gulfport. Founded in 1883, the university has a rich history and the DeLand campus is on the National Register of Historic Places. Explore the campus with the  Stetson University Photo Tour. The university has an 11 to 1  student / faculty ratio, and students can choose from 60 majors and minors. Business fields are the most popular among undergraduates, but Stetsons strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned the school a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. Students can choose from a wide range of clubs and activities, and on the athletic front, the Stetson  Hatters  compete in the NCAA Division I  Atlantic Sun Conference. Their colors are green and white and the mascot is John B. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 4,357  (3,089 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 42  percent male / 58 percent female99% Full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $43,240Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $12,326Other Expenses: $3,000Total Cost: $59,766 Stetson University Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100 percentLoans: 62  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $31,082Loans: $7,942The deadline for most Stetson University scholarships is February 15. Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business Administration, Elementary Education, English, Finance, Marketing, Political Science, Psychology What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 79  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 56 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 64 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Golf, Soccer, Baseball, Tennis, Track and Field, BasketballWomens Sports:  Lacrosse, Rowing, Soccer, Track and Field, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf Admissions Information for Other Florida Colleges and Universities: Eckerd | Embry-Riddle | Flagler | Florida | Florida Atlantic | FGCU | Florida Tech | FIU | Florida Southern | Florida State | Miami | New College | Rollins | Stetson | UCF | UNF | USF | U of Tampa | UWF Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Free Essays on Alcoholism or Alcohol Dependence

Alcoholism or Alcohol Dependence, chronic disease marked by a craving for alcohol. People who suffer from this illness are known as alcoholics. They cannot control their drinking even when it becomes the underlying cause of serious harm, including medical disorders, marital difficulties, job loss, or automobile crashes. Medical science has yet to identify the exact cause of alcoholism, but research suggests that genetic, psychological, and social factors influence its development. Alcoholism cannot be cured yet, but various treatment options can help an alcoholic avoid drinking and regain a healthy life. People tend to equate any kind of excessive drinking with alcoholism. But doctors and scientists recognize that disorders related to alcohol use lie along a continuum of severity. They prefer to use the term alcohol dependence instead of alcoholism to designate the most severe of the alcohol-use disorders. The terms alcohol abuse and problem drinking designate less severe disorders resulting from immoderate drinking. Alcohol dependence develops differently in each individual. But certain symptoms characterize the illness, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), a United States government agency that is part of the National Institutes of Health. Alcoholics develop a craving, or a strong urge, to drink despite awareness that drinking is creating problems in their lives. They suffer from impaired control, an inability to stop drinking once they have begun. Alcoholics also become physically dependent on alcohol. When they stop drinking after a period of heavy alcohol use, they suffer unpleasant physical ailments, known as withdrawal symptoms, that include nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety (see Drug Dependence). Alcoholics develop a greater tolerance for alcohol- that is, they need to drink increasing amounts of alcohol to reach intoxication. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that o... Free Essays on Alcoholism or Alcohol Dependence Free Essays on Alcoholism or Alcohol Dependence Alcoholism or Alcohol Dependence, chronic disease marked by a craving for alcohol. People who suffer from this illness are known as alcoholics. They cannot control their drinking even when it becomes the underlying cause of serious harm, including medical disorders, marital difficulties, job loss, or automobile crashes. Medical science has yet to identify the exact cause of alcoholism, but research suggests that genetic, psychological, and social factors influence its development. Alcoholism cannot be cured yet, but various treatment options can help an alcoholic avoid drinking and regain a healthy life. People tend to equate any kind of excessive drinking with alcoholism. But doctors and scientists recognize that disorders related to alcohol use lie along a continuum of severity. They prefer to use the term alcohol dependence instead of alcoholism to designate the most severe of the alcohol-use disorders. The terms alcohol abuse and problem drinking designate less severe disorders resulting from immoderate drinking. Alcohol dependence develops differently in each individual. But certain symptoms characterize the illness, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), a United States government agency that is part of the National Institutes of Health. Alcoholics develop a craving, or a strong urge, to drink despite awareness that drinking is creating problems in their lives. They suffer from impaired control, an inability to stop drinking once they have begun. Alcoholics also become physically dependent on alcohol. When they stop drinking after a period of heavy alcohol use, they suffer unpleasant physical ailments, known as withdrawal symptoms, that include nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety (see Drug Dependence). Alcoholics develop a greater tolerance for alcohol- that is, they need to drink increasing amounts of alcohol to reach intoxication. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes that o...

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tort Law - Essay Example In this case the appellant had suffered damage as a result of a snail in her ginger beer bottle and she brought a claim against the manufacturer for damages. It was held in this case that even though the appellant had not bought the ginger beer and therefore had no rights under the law of contract, she could successfully pursue a claim against the manufacturer in the law of tort. Lord Atkin asserted that a manufacturer owed a legal duty of care to the ultimate consumer of his product. In discussing duty of care as a legal concept, Lord Atkin established the â€Å"neighbour† principle†2. Lord Atkins went on to define the term â€Å"neighbour† in the legal sense as being â€Å"persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called into question.3† All the same, there are limitations to the application of duty of care principle. For instance, in the case of Dorset Yacht Co Limited v Home Office4 Lord Reid opined that â€Å"Donoghue v Stevenson may be a milestone†¦but it is not to be treated as if it were a statutory definition. It will require qualification in certain circumstances†5. The development of a test for establishing a legal duty of care in tort has been gradual. In Caparo v Dickman6, the House of Lords specified a three stage test to determine the absence or existence of a duty of care. The different states in this test are first, whether the consequences of the defendant’s actions were reasonably foreseeable. Second, whether there was sufficient proximity to impose a duty of care; and lastly, whether it is fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care. In applying this test to the appellant’s position, it must first and foremost be established, whether the respondent could have been

Operations Management Project- New Business Assignment

Operations Management Project- New Business - Assignment Example The vehicle industry can be regarded as the central theme for this business. Since the number of vehicles has increased in recent days, the requirement for parking as well as washing has also increased by a certain extent. The parking service as a business has become quite popular in recent times as the amount of space for car parking is quite limited particularly in urban areas of Al Mirfa. The parking industry is spurred by new construction. Since new construction has gradually increased in recent days, prospect for profitability in parking industry also increased. In line with the parking industry, washing segment has also become an effective money-making opportunities for businesses. It is to be stated that as there are no such washing shops present in Al Mirfa city, thus there will be no direct competition for ABC Corp in that area to provide washing and parking services to the customers. These are the key marketing influence or factors that have been considered for staring the business. Mission The mission of the business is to become the first choice for customers for taking the parking and washing services in Al Mirfa and to achieve sustainable development. ABC Corp is dedicated to provide the customers with crucial parking and washing experience. It will focus upon delivering deliberate efforts toward the accomplishment of gaining greater customer satisfaction and value while providing employees with outstanding recompense. Goals and Objectives The key business objectives of ABC Corp are: To be observed as premium parking and washing service business in Al Mirfa To maintain a high profit margin To maintain a gradual and steady growth in profit To expand the business in different locations within five years of business operation Organisational Strategy In Al Mirfa, there pertains the occurrence of numerous festivals such as â€Å"

Kindergarten History Essay Example for Free

Kindergarten History Essay The development of early childhood education in the United States has been spearheaded by the need for an emerging society to cope with social and economic challenges. There are at important reasons why early childhood education gained more acceptance through the years. As society opened up to accepting women as part of the workforce, working mothers demanded more institutions that can accept early education for their children. The desire of the government to make their citizens more globally competitive increased thereby supporting education from the very young levels of citizenry. Educators and leaders believed that poor communities have better chances of development if illiteracy is arrested the earliest possible time. And best reason why early childhood education has developed is the great response in children that all programs have been challenged to sustain. Caldwell shares her thoughts on how parents and teachers could sustain this excitement for learning innate in children. â€Å"Yes, its thrilling to be part of that excitement for learning. I think the first thing that adults have to do is respect it. Curiosity is an absolutely wonderful thing, yet sometimes parents and teachers find it annoying-the 50th why question of the day, for example. Parents want to pull out their hair and say, Oh come on, weve talked about that enough. So the most important thing for that excitement and curiosity is to reward it, to let children know that we are impressed that they are curious about something. † (Mabie, 2001) Kindergarten is an educational program for students aged three to seven. Programs usually last from half to full days. Educators believe that the kindergarten is a venue for developing early knowledge, skills and attitude of children that will help them get a jump start at formal education. The origins of early childhood education in the US can be found in Europe. Jean Fredrick Oberlin founded a school in 1767 in France. His wife, Madame Madeleine Oberlin taught children from two to three years old. The school focused on exercise and play and handicrafts. It was more popularly known as the â€Å"knitting† school. In 1837, Freidrich Froebel put up the first school to be called a â€Å"kindergarten† in Blankenburg, Germany. His school became the first school in the world to envision education primarily for children in the pre-schooling age. Froebel is known as the creator of Kindergarten. His concept involved theories of childhood teaching and teaching material development. He also wrote the first Syllabus of Education of Man that listed basic theories of childhood education that guided schools worldwide. Early Childhood School in the US started as early child health centers. They were patterned after the French ‘cribs’ in Paris in 1844 where governments put up these centers to care for children of mothers who had to work. Whether these centers were first found in Philadelphia or New York, where women had to work during the Civil Wars, it is important to note that these centers were focused on caring for these children rather than educating them. But due to the migration of Germans to America, the concepts of kindergarten soon landed on American soil through Margarethe Schurz. In 1856, she put up the first American kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin. The school used German as the medium of instruction. â€Å"The first English-speaking kindergarten was found in Boston in 1860 by Elizabeth Peabody. For many years, she traveled throughout the United States, speaking about the purpose of kindergartens and their benefits to children. She helped establish kindergartens wherever she went. The first public school kindergarten was established in 1873 in St. Louis. Susan Blow, the teacher, lectured and taught kindergarten education, continuing to be a champion of Froebelian kindergarten education throughout her life. † (Spodek, 1991) By the late 1920’s, the centers realized that besides keeping the children clean and fed, there was the opportunity to transform the venue to serve for educational needs. â€Å"The average poor child in 1860s St. Louis completed three years of school before being forced to begin work at age 10. Susan Elizabeth Blow addressed that problem by offering education to children earlier. Applying Friedrich Froebels theories, she opened the United States first successful public kindergarten at St. Louis Des Peres School in 1873. Blow taught children in the morning and teachers in the afternoon. By 1883 every St. Louis public school had a kindergarten, making the city a model for the nation. Devoting her life to early education, Susan Blow was instrumental in establishing kindergartens throughout America. † (Watson, 1997) Maria Montessori has been a household name in early childhood education because of the amount of work and research that Maria Montessori has brought into early childhood education. As a physician working in a psychiatric clinic in Rome, she discovered that it was possible to train mentally defective children in order for them to be safer and become part of a productive sector of society. Her success of handicapped children led into her to be hired to help non-handicapped children as well. Her practice and further research helped Montessori develop a curriculum for children that helped them maximize their full potentials in reading and learning. Montessori schools began to get established in the United States before the World War. Although crash in the economy led these Montessori schools to fade in the 1930s, there came a resurgence of Montessori institutions by the 1950s. Though the Montessori Method was very popular, it would be best to note that some Montessori associations are purist of the methods while others were not. Today, early childhood educators are serious and committed in developing the kindergarten in helping future citizens of the country in becoming productive and responsible citizens. References: Watson, Bruce. 1997. Kindergarten. http://www. geocities. com/Athens/Forum/7905/fblkind. html Mabie, Grant E. 2001. A life with young learners: an interview with Bettye M. Caldwell. The Educational Forum. http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa4013/is_200110/ai_n8999175 Spodex, Bernard. 1991. Foundations of Early Childhood Education. Allyn and Bacon. Boston.

Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights - A Great Romantic Novel Essay

Wuthering Heights: A Great Romantic Novel      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Romantic Period was a very imaginative and creative period of thinking. The literature produced during this period reflected this wild and free-spirited imagination. The works dismissed the Enlightenment thinkers in their claims of "Reason, progress, and universal truths" (Damrosch, 1317). Instead, these writers explored superstitions and had a renewed sense of passion for the wild, the unfamiliar, the irregular, and the irrational (Damrosch, 1317). Other common elements of the writing during this period were the returned interest of gothic romance elements, a fascination of exploring the inner world of the mind and the unconscious into its dark side, an interest in emotional adventures in exotic and remote times and places, an interest in the outcast people in society (outlaws, rebels, nonconformists, exiles, etc.), and an interest in characters performing dangerous self-explorations that take them to hell, and not always back (Agatucci, 1&3).    Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte, is an excellent example of a great Romantic novel, especially of the kind of romanticism known as Dark Romanticism. There are many different Romantic elements found in this novel, making it a masterpiece of the period. These elements include that fact that it is most definitely one strange story that is very original, emotionally charged, and imaginative and innovative (Agatucci, 4); its characters are very intense, passionate, go to emotional excesses, and even become violent; and it deals with the element of the supernatural and the antirational also (Agatucci, 4). Other Romantic elements contained within its pages include its Gothic setting that is sensual but remote, the dark roma... ...d Heathcliff.    Thus, as you can see, this is indeed a very powerful, emotionally charged story that delves into the darkness of the human unconscious, the supernatural forces that surround reality, and the romantic charges that initiate and cause all sorts of different human actions and thought. The story is very strange, but full of adventure, creating a very engrossing reading. This novel by Emily Bronte is definitely a piece of classic Romantic literature, and will continue to be read for years to come.    Works Cited Agatucci, Cora. Lecture Notes. Romanticism & Realism. Literary-Historical Contexts for Wuthering Heights. 2001. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1990. Damrosch, David . The Longman Anthology Of British Literature. Volume B. Compact Edition. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.

Think negative experiences

As a child, Josh Mahayana grew up in a poor family (and having total of 8 billings) all the way in Gambling, Subway and came face-to-face with poverty at a very young age. He began to realize this while as he was walking everyday seeing his neighbors watch televisions and listening to the radio, thinking to himself why his family did not do the same things other people did. But this did not hinder him from doing what a normal child should do. â€Å"Maharani nag Kim. Insist OK an gung Hindi aka mage-oral at massaging, wall tale Kong page-as an abashing nag Kinshasa OK. , he proclaimed. In fact, growing up, his mindset was focused on graduating, and he did, despite he 10-kilometer walk that took him at least 2 hours everyday to go to school. It became a constant reminder to him to hold on to his dreams and education. In elementary, he only put his school supplies in a plastic bag. He would go around knocking on different sari-sari stores everyday asking for a new plastic bag because h is plastic bag would rip off due to his pencils. He even mentioned that there were times that he did not even get the chance to eat nor was given allowance.He thought it was a blessing for him to be able to listen in his classes and walk going to school despite the lack of food in his yester. He was indeed very determined to learn and to finish his studies as his parents would always tell him that they never got the opportunity to study like he did. He finally graduated, even as the Valedictorian of his batch. It was a great feeling for him and his parents to be able to graduate, even as Valedictorian, despite the status of their family. But then, going to college was quite a struggle for him.Having a total of 8 siblings, it is very common in the Filipino culture to have the oldest to be sent to college first before the others. But then again, Josh found a way to send himself to college. In that summer, he worked in a mining place and used his salary to travel to Swamis City. It was a blessing for him to graduate as Valedictorian, but even more of a blessing to be offered a scholarship in Misaims University and did not have to pay for his tuition. He had dreams of becoming a lawyer and also an executive in a building in Magmata. Taking chances and exploring possibilities, after graduating, he traveled to Manila at 19 years old.A generous individual gave him 10,000 pesos from his college that believed he deserved the life he dreamt of living; which was to help others, especially his family. He then rented a small place in Cuba, having only one set of old business attire, looking for a job. He even experienced being holdup, having taken his wallet and cellophane. Luckily enough, he was ranked 3rd from all the applicants that applied to the job that he did. He knew that he did not pass all the qualities that the job was searching for but this did not hinder him from taking a chance.He studied law and after happily and thankful working for that company for 3 years , he traveled to the United States. He knew he had to work hard because his siblings and family were not earning enough to supply hat they needed and his mom sick as well. 250,000 pesos were lent to him to have the opportunity to travel to the U. S. He worked, as a cleaner for 3 years, cleaning 15 rooms a day, and a room was limited to be cleaned in a span of 30 minutes. Paying a visit to the Philippines after 3 years, he did not know that one simple thing would change his life plans.He saw a little boy walking in the rice field of his province, and it reminded him of what he was before. He was once that kid. That encounter made him realize that it was a sign from God. â€Å"l was once that kid. My life story is not just about a kid overcoming poverty but I realized that the story of my life was about the concept and mindset of poverty in the Philippines. The problem about poverty in our country is not poverty itself, but the mindset that it cannot be changed. And if I saw that cha nge in education and effort in myself, it is possible to happen to other poor children in this country. He flew back to the U. S and eventually sold all the things that he did not usually use. He also passed by Vietnam because he was interested on the manufacturing. He met a woman that helped him pursue the business that he anted to put up in the near future. The woman was generous enough to help him and lent him money from the company. Bringing home a total of 200 bags back home to the Philippines and sold it only in a span of 2 weeks. According to him, a bag is very symbolic. It stands for education. And this is how Bag was formed.Not only Bag by the object itself but also by the acronym Be A Giver. Instead of having a buy 1, take 1 promo, instead was a buy 1 , give 1 promo. Each bag you buy, a bag is given to the needy. It is a project that is very close to his heart because he claimed that if he wanted to ruse something, he wanted it to also be relevant to him and the bag was th e perfect representation of it. â€Å"l think it is amazing that while a Bag giver uses his bag every day, he knows that a kid somewhere in the Philippines carries a bag, too, that he gave, trying to accomplish his dreams.In the same way, that while a kid strives every day to go to school in pursuit of education and his dreams, he knows that somebody out there actually cared and thought about him. † Josh claims, â€Å"Every time I hand over a bag to a kid now, I am actually handing over a bag to myself. I want them to feel the inspiration and encouragement felt when a distant relative gave me a bag when was in Grade 4. The simple act of giving propelled me to dream the same kind of dreams my classmate had, or even bigger. He eventually stopped manufacturing in Vietnam and was inspired by a public official to start manufacturing here due to the fact that it would be proudly made in the Philippines, would create local jobs and have an easier quality tracking. The generous indi vidual that lent him 10,000 pesos now works hand in hand with Josh and is an operations manager at Bag. She claims that it is an amazing feeling to not only work because of needing a job but the Overwhelming feeling of giving to those who are in need each time someone purchases one bag.As of 2014, there are about 3,000 bags that have been made by this company in the Philippines. They give out bags to different chosen public schools. This serves as a motivation for them that in spite of their hard status in life, they have that little hope to hold on to. The most heart-warming part of the interview was seeing how Josh's project made an impact to the children in need as they thanked him for the bag and owe it motivates them to be exactly like him. And yet again another project called The Yellow Boat of Hope (HOB) movement led by Dry.Anton Limit as Josh's giving partner. This project started from the discovery of seeing children in Gambling City literally swimming their way to school. It was a very heartbreaking fact for them to know that some kids still do not have an easy access to education. HOB provides boats for children in order for him to go to school and not having to swim anymore. Now, they expanded their projects to include livelihood for the parents as well as the building of lassoers, dormitories and even bridges. â€Å"What I am doing right now is a product of what people did for me. FL am able to give, it is because I had been given. It is the right thing to do. † Josh even said that he does not need to be bayed for what he does, because the overwhelming feeling of seeing kids happy is enough for him. Remember my grandmother once telling me that should always be humble. In whatever I do, humility is a virtue should always retain. Should always be generous and always be kind, for whatever I give, will be given back to me. Not always by material objects, but by kindness and generosity as well. I've stood by that saying for almost how many years now.My grandmother will always be someone I will look up to because she has gone through many challenges to be who she is now. She may not always have it all together in her career, but she is always happy full of content. Not only she is happy, she shares that happiness to the family and to others. She is the best grandmother anybody could possibly have and I am blessed that she is mine. She is beautiful, she is smart and she is generous. She started off just like Josh, in a poor state. With 7 siblings, and her as an only girl.Education will always be a priority in our family because my grandparents know how important education is in one's life. My grandmother worked hard to reach her dreams. She married my grandfather and became successful in life. Not only successful but, happily successful. She never forgot where she came from and now helps also the students in need for an education by giving them jobs. I remember one of the working students sending her a text message saying â €Å"one day, I will give you anything you want just to repay you for your kindness† and my grandmother replied with finishing your education will be enough†.She will tell that to my siblings and me as well. She still has dreams on putting up a school and a home for children in need. She will always inspire me in whatever I do. I really do believe that we should never be selfish with what we have. And I also believe that success will always depend on you, yourself. The success of Bag would have never been possible if Josh decided to be one of those kids that just stayed at home and did not push himself to study. Think that if everyone has a mindset like him, poverty would lessen in this country. Because what you dwell on is whatnot become.How you see things will always affect the things that you do and the decisions you make. Nowadays, I think it is so hard to stumble upon humble people like Josh. People usually do not realize the fact that they are very much blessed. Jo sh was blessed with generous people to help him achieve success along the way. Think negative experiences in your life can determine what kind of a person you are: that is if you are a person to give up or the person that stands back up and try again. Content. This is what this interview is also trying to point out. Contentment.

The Contribution of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux to Landscape Architecture

4)To what extent Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux have contributed to the professional pattern of Landscape Architecture. Both Frederick Law and Calvert Vaux are actively take parting in Landscape Architectural undertakings in the 19Thursdaycentury. Calvert Vaux was a immature Architect in the twelvemonth 1857. He collaborated with Frederick Law in the Central Park competition. Apart from landscape undertakings Vaux besides committed himself as an designer planing assorted houses that harmonises with nature. Frederick Law Olmsted being known as the â€Å"Founder of American Landscape Architecture every bit good as a well-known park designer† by the National Park Service. Frederick Law Olmsted started the being a Landscape Architecture after experimenting and seeking out many different calling Fieldss. From a correspondent, societal observer and husbandman. He had many involvements in his early life. In landscape architecture, Olmsted combined his ideas and involvements in rural life and conditions and ideas of independent glorification to make a new signifier of civil technology that non merely focuses on its map but every bit good as beauty. The Urbanization Olmsted seen on the route with its involvement in rural jobs shortly make him wanted to work as a Landscape Architect. As he was touring about in Britain in the 1850s, he visited England’s Birkenhead Park, which was an of import and a accelerator in embarking into the landscape calling way. In the twelvemonth 1858, the metropolis commissioners selected, out of the entire thirty-tree designs being submitted in the competition for the new park ( Central Park ) the one chosen â€Å"Greensward, † which was the coaction work of Frederick Law and Calvert Vaux. Central Park is the acknowledgment of this design through its important characteristics. It was besides one of the earliest illustrations of a park that is being referred as a well balance work of landscape architecture, every bit good as the first in any state to suggest broad loosen uping evidences which have the beauty of minimalist natural scenery as it met the qualities of complete enclosure by a tightly built metropolis. Central Park was a great success where both he and Vaux are able to closely towards each other. The usage of hills, trees and curve paseos created a signifier of tranquility and farness from the metropolis. Both Olmsted and Vaux besides formed a company and designed major Parkss in Brooklyn, Buffalo and more. Apart from the formed company, Olmsted besides founded his ain personal house in the 1883 which led him to travel his place to overhaul Boston and created â€Å"Fairsted† known as the world’s first professional office for the Landscape Design. Vaux and Olmsted so started a long partnership with each other where they form the landscape thoughts of the place that should be played in the life of metropoliss. But single inputs by each of them has ever been ill-defined. Some besides argued that Vaux must be taking in the undertaking as he is more experience in landscape architecture as compared to Olmsted, therefore there is no ground to misbelief Vaux’s design. Soon subsequently, the park’s governments had decided to do Olmsted the Head Architect with Vaux as an helper. Although Olmsted had a batch of enduring in the ulterior old ages in order to foreground Vaux of import function towards the design every bit good as the development of the Parkss, Vaux had ever felt that he did non had the celebrity that he should have. Apart from the Central park undertaking, Olmsted and Vaux besides collaborated in 1865 after the Civil War on what many referred as their most successful design The Brooklyn’s Prospect Park. Not merely that they besides designed several other Brooklyn Parkss which includes the Carroll Park in Carroll Gardens, Washington Park and the Parade Ground and Tompkins Square. Olmsted and Vaux besides created a new signifier of tract that is able to work out the job of inefficiency of Brooklyn’s Grid Street system. These landscaped pavings are used to link assorted different vicinities to different Parkss all around the queen’s boundary line. Olmsted crafted assorted illustrations of designs which the Position of Landscape Architecture is able to heighten the quality of life in America. These include big urban Parkss being devoted to the contact and engagement of the scenery and designed to defy and equilibrate out the bogusness of the metropolis and the emphasis of modern life. One of the most of import conveyances were the Private carriages a smooth route reserved for them that is able to link Parkss and spread the advantages of public green infinite around the metropolis. Olmsted and Vaux designed the park to be able to make ways and way for the walkers and passenger cars to bask and look up to the park without holding to rag each other. The design of the roads is considered extremist as it allows vehicular entree to drive through the park without being divided from the park’s experience. It provides an array of public installations for the occupants and scenic saving safeguarding countries of extraordinary landscape beauty from devastation every bit good as commercial utilizations. Garden / landscape design could better both consciousness every bit good as the self-reflections of residents. With an increasing figure in alfresco flats, it encourages out-of-door activities where the garden infinite is a specified preparation land for the citizens populating around it. Governmental edifices would hold been more efficient and do understand the importance of planning. Olmsted’s design attack showed the complexness of his perceptual experience and even paid attending to the slightest inside informations for a occupant in harmonising green-space. Olmsted understands the concluding behind his landscape work which is capable of impacting the emotions of others. This was rather noticeable throughout his park designs, where he designed the pavings of the scenery such that the visitants would be saturated. Able to see the healing action of the landscape as what Olmsted would depict it as â€Å"Unconscious† procedure. In order to accomplish this result, he overpowered all the elements of the design in doing the land-art contacts more elusive. Olmsted ever wanted to believe in front of the current tendencies and actions and being able to deduce his designs based on the of import rules of human psychological science. In item, he cross referenced from the analysis of earlier British Sophist of tough-minded landscape and their attending towards the particular qualities of composing and attractive scenery. The kernel of agricultural landscape was the English cervid park, making an emotion of an hypertrophied infinite and its finely inflected land and smooth, a cropped lawn. He was able to gain that this manner is known as his particular expression to bring around the bad effects of an modern life. The â€Å"Picturesque† manner was being used in deep and worn out terrain, and followed by seting with a thick bed of different land screens, bushs and etc. This finally will ensue in a idea of charitableness, outpouring and secretiveness. His utmost experience of this consequence was on the Isthmus of Panama as he was go throughing through a journey to California. Where both signifiers includes the qualities of infinitude, and the deficit of remarkable objects for a item geographic expedition. As Olmsted defined it, the term â€Å"scenery† is ne'er applied to vision of any field that is seen as consecutive forward. Hence it should hold a degree of complexness in its forms and visuals closer towards the oculus, unimportant inside informations when looked farther off. These characters were of import for the unknown gesture of the scenery in head. They were besides an of import component to his design as practicing benchmarks for keen apprehension. The criterion of elegance that includes a mixture, complexness and a all right series of surfaces, colorss and tones were of import to Olmsted creative and cultivating intent. Although the site that Olmsted favoured needs a at least a rainfall in order to accomplish its result, he understood that bulk of the United States does hold a different conditions. Following that he sets out to develop a distinguishable landscape technique for the South, while in the West it requires a water-conserving technique. He applied the techniques of this attack with six undertakings in the San Francisco Bay and Colorado. During Olmsted calling, he and his house completed out over 500 commissioned undertakings. Which includes 100 Parkss and diversion countries, with over 200 private estates every bit good as legion residential undertakings and campus design for a smattering of academic establishments. Olmsted himself is a originative interior decorator, even though he had problem with showing his thoughts in words. With about six thousand letters were still about till this yearss, With its treatment with 300 design committees. And at times he paid for the publications every bit good as public distribution of these letters which includes his experience in journeys and several paperss by the United States committee. Calvert Vaux who is besides one of America’s well-known designer / Landscape designer. He besides shaped some of America’s most outstanding landscape during the 19Thursdaycentury. He worked with celebrated landscape figures such as Andrew Jackson Downing and subsequently with Frederick Olmsted, and therefore Vaux’s manner on the landscape architecture was ignored in the 20Thursdaycentury. Vaux was an optimist who worked difficult throughout his calling and life to better the life conditions of the lower category and promoted art instruction for all. Calvert Vaux had been successful in Architecture before the age of 24, where he came to America and met Downing. And after the sudden decease of toss offing in the 1854, the undertaking of planing the evidences of the capitol and the Smithsonian Intuition has yet been completed in America. In Vaux private life, he was a adult male of remarkable pureness, kindness and trustworthy. Although he lacked of socialising accomplishments, which was able to let him to hold a better place. But he still had many achievements and pattern of the best type. The calling of Vaux was an animating one for those immature creative persons who are fighting every bit good as citizens who are laboring and working in civic and small town betterments. Although the 1870s were Vaux’s most productive old ages but he latter shortly found out that his High Victorian Gothic Style against the lifting popularity of Neoclassical manner had shortly made his worked looked dull and outdated. Even though he won the undertakings with the High Victorian designer, for the American Museum of History every bit good as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and constructing the first phase of each of them, he shortly lost the undertakings for go oning the ulterior parts, due to the multiple reappraisals that the edifices had. His ability to win over big undertakings shortly beads, and he turned to planing Lodge houses and other good edifices for the Children’s Aid Society located over in New York City. Apart from that he besides devoted his last few old ages of life in concentrating undertakings on the New York Public Parks as landscape designer, which led him to plan several little Parkss throughout the metropolis and besides being able to go on his work on the Central Park. At his decease during 1895, Vaux did non take the function in the developments of architecture in America but he had left a long and unforgotten undertakings. In their late eightiess both Frederick Olmsted and Vaux collaborated with each other on Particular undertakings such as supplying free design service to the metropolis of Newburgh ( New York ) where they construct a park in memory of Andrew Jacks. Their concluding coaction concerns the Niagara Reservation. An country the province of New York bought as to forestall any signifier of commercial development which will compromise the scenery. Both Olmsted and Vaux composed their programs that would resuscitate the Niagara’s dramatic sceneries doing it accessible to tourist. In decision I think that both Landscape Architects did manner beyond their portion in the professional pattern of Landscape Architecture as they were really sensitive towards minor inside informations such as the landform, clime alterations, materials/surfaces and the ideas / activities of the people. They did non pretermit other points in its design such as transit in which are widely used boulder clay this twenty-four hours where they are able to plunge themselves in to the landscape, instead than being separated and divided. They besides tried to do roads and way efficient for both walkers every bit good as vehicles. And the landscapes that both work forces design had particular qualities in them where it’s designed towards tranquil and peaceable emotions. These psychological design qualities are a immense advantage towards the users in footings of de-stressing themselves and being able to look up to the elegant sceneries.

Impersonal Subjects and Gerunds Quiz

Impersonal Subjects and Gerunds Quiz Compare these two sentences: Studying English is sometimes boring. and It is sometimes boring to study English. Both of the sentences are used to make general statements about an activity - studying English. Here is an overview of the two forms: gerund object to be conjugated (adverb of frequency) adjective Examples: Playing tennis is an excellent exercise.Reading English newspapers is often difficult. It to be conjugated (adverb of frequency) adjective infinitive Examples: It is sometimes exciting to walk in the pouring rain.It was strange to say that Russian is easier than English. Two Exceptions The phrases It is worth and It is no use take the gerund NOT the infinitive form. It is worth / It is no use gerund object Examples: It is worth driving to the lake to have a look around.It is no use studying for this exam. Quiz Change the sentences from the original to the other similar structure. Example: It is sometimes easy to forget your cell phone number. Answer Forgetting your cell phone number is sometimes easy. Playing chess requires great concentration.It is not easy to learn Chinese.It is difficult to understand the motives of many politicians.Interviewing applicants is often stressful and unrewarding.Speaking English is always useful when traveling abroad.It is never simple to move abroad.Thinking about danger is often illogical.It has been difficult to accept his death.Flying to Africa will be great fun.Working hard for so many years has been tiring for them. Original Sentences Playing chess requires great concentration.It is not easy to learn Chinese.It is difficult to understand the motives of many politicians.Interviewing applicants is often stressful and unrewarding.Speaking English is always useful when  traveling  abroad.It is never simple to move abroad.Thinking about danger is often illogical.It has been difficult to accept his death.Flying to Africa will be great fun.Working hard for so many years has been tiring for them. Sentence Changes It requires great concentration to play chess.Learning Chinese is not easy.Understanding the motives of many politicians is difficult.It is often stressful and unrewarding to interview applicants.It is always useful to speak English when  traveling  abroad.Moving abroad is never simple.It is often illogical to think about the danger.Accepting his death has been difficult.It will be great fun to fly to Africa.It has been tiring for them to work hard for so many years.

How the CLEP Exams Benefit Your Future Goals

How the CLEP Exams Benefit Your Future Goals How the CLEP Exams Benefit Your Future Goals With the increase of online educational possibilities for students around the globe comes the popularity of taking CLEP courses. CLEP, the College-Level Examination Program, are tests given by the College Board to grant credit for college courses without taking on a full semester of classes. Students that study abroad, those that have gained job experience, and those that have gained knowledge through independent study, benefit from taking the CLEP exams. The CLEP tests cover a wide range of disciplines which include exams in the following: Business: Financial Accounting Information systems Introductory Business Law Principles of Management Principles of Marketing Composition and Literature: Humanities English Literature College Composition Analyzing and Interpreting Literature College Composition Modular Foreign Languages (taking these can get you 12 credits) Spanish (Levels 1 and 2)  Ã‚      German (Levels 1 and 2) French (Levels 1 and 2) History and Social Sciences: Intro to Psychology Introduction to Educational Psychology History of the United States II Human Growth and Development Principles of Macroeconomics Social Sciences and History Science and Mathematics: Calculus College Math Natural Sciences You can take mock tests to get an idea of what kind of questions will be asked for each discipline at the college board website. As of this writing we counted 33 various CLEP exams that were the usual classes that you would take in the first 2 years of college including these listed. Why Beneficial Who doesn’t want to save on an entire semester of coursework? Who doesn’t want to save on tuition and the costs of books? Using the CLEP exams to show your proficiency in undergraduate work is a way to get past all of that. Taking the exams also: Can elevate the degree that you already have: You may have been in the work force for many years and now your job has come into the tech world. Studying courses related to computers may be something that you now need to keep in line with technology. You employer may even offer incentives for you to take the CLEP courses that are available. Keep you from taking remedial courses: Students taking entrance exams for college often find that they need to take remedial courses for Math and English before moving into their regular college courses Taking the CLEP exams, they may not have to take the remedial classes to get into upper level classes that they already know are prepared for. Push you into the higher-level classes faster: You get to skip over many of the lower level classes and gain the credit needed to receive Certificate Program Degrees offered at many institutions today. Give you an idea of where you are in a field of study: Taking the CLEP exams can also prepare you for going into college without a blind eye as to what you know already. With tests for Algebra, Biology, Chemistry, and languages such as Spanish, if you already have been practicing these subjects, take the CLEP exams. If you have been out of school for some time, studying and practicing for these exams usually brings it all back. Save money (this one should have been number 1) The average college course runs about 250.00, for a semester of 5 classes that could run a student’s bill up to over $7,000 for the year. With time preparing for the CLEP exams and taking the same number of classes you would only spend $400-500 for the same credit courses. That’s a savings of up to 80%. Military Benefit: Although there is a fee, at some centers up to $80.00, there are circumstances that this fee is waived. This can change from testing center to testing center so it is best to get in touch with your advisor to get firm information about the centers in your area. They will be better suited to tell you what to look forward to. Those who have served in the military may be eligible to take free CLEP exams. Military personnel are also waived fees, but how often they can take it free of charge has changed in recent years. The Office of Veteran’s Affairs in your area will give you full information on benefits that are available. Those in the military report that they pay for the test, and then are reimbursed for the price of the test and center fees. Administrative Help To determine further if the CLEP exams are a good fit for you, make an appointment with your advisors. Go over where you are now education wise, and what taking the exams will do for your advancement, and then decide. Many Community Colleges now have what is called dual-admissions programs. These programs are in place to help those that are in 2-year programs can transfer their credits seamlessly into a 4-year University and when they transfer in, they are Juniors instead of Sophomores. Utilizing the CLEP exams gives students the same options. Before taking any of the exams, meet with your advisors and the school advisors of the University you have in mind to see what courses are transferrable. Preparation You may be anxious, like most people, when faced with exams, and like many other tests, the CLEP exams can be intimidating. You may feel like you know the work and then take the test and a month later get the news that you have failed. Like any other exam that you take, you must study for the CLEP exams. They are scored on the college level and credit is only given when you pass. If you care about your future, you will prepare for these tests and not take them lightly. These test scores may be the link to your getting that perfect job, or being accepted in an institution of higher learning. Consider study guides to help you prepare for the CLEP tests. There are countless online sources to help you. The college board website offers practice tests for you to get an idea of what the exams are like under each subject. They also have low cost study guides to help you prepare for the exams. Other Resources Here are a few resources that can get you started studying for the CLEP exams: Open Source Library: Here you can find course work to study using video, college archives, professor webcasts, and access to scholarly journals. Hippo Campus: they cover over 13 subjects and cater to students from middle school to college. There are also many links to other well-known study sites from this page. The Format If you like the idea of multiple-choice testing, then the CLEP is one of those types of tests. The CLEP exams usually last about 90 minutes and are all done on computer with a multiple-choice platform, except for the written essays which are a mandatory part of the English Composition with Essay exams. Students that have prepared for the CLEP exams have reported that the one area that they needed extensive study time was the English Composition with essay tests, and essay preparation. There are study guides that will help you with preparation for English Composition exams and modular, and it is suggested that you practice writing essays before taking this CLEP test. Many students have trouble with writing, you are not alone. There are custom writing sites online that can help you with study guides and will critique your writing style to help you study for the CLEP writing exams. Important: Take getting help with the English Composition with Essay exam seriously because it is a 45-minute essay question, followed by a 45-minute multiple choice section. Once you pay for the exam, if you fail you must wait 6-months to retake it. It is best to get help if you know you need it before you take the tests. You are to take two mandatory essay tests with the College Composition exam that is graded by selected professors around the country, and then the grades are combined with your multiple-choice scores. There is also a College Composition Modular exam that is graded by your receiving college only with one essay and multiple-choice questions. Discuss with your advisors which of these you should take because colleges vary on which one they will accept. Locations The CLEP exams are offered in the United States and International colleges that accept CLEP credit. Your scores will be sent to be reviewed by the schools of your choice. Not all schools accept all tests. Check before you designate your tests to be released. Alternatives Keep in mind that CLEP tests are lower-level classes for regional schools, however, there are tests such as the DSST’S (Dante’s Subject Standardized Tests) that are available for lower and upper level classes. These tests are taken primarily by non-traditional students but are open to all. MOOCs are also an inexpensive alternative to a full course of study. Massive Open Online Courses are free online courses popping up all over the internet. You can find MOOCs at some of the most prestigious schools, like Yale, Howard, Stanford and MIT. The only thing that is not offered by taking MOOCs is the credit for the courses, but they can be used to study and prep for the CLEP tests. With the cost of a college education soaring it is good to know that there are ways that everyone that wants to can get a quality education. Today, a high school diploma is not enough to get a well-paying job. This is not to say that all people that attend college land that perfect job, but when you have the coursework to back you up on your resume you will be a step ahead of the competition for the job you are after. Now go study for that CLEP!

Case study on HIV Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On HIV - Case Study Example Since the patient has recurrent pneumonia, it is also advisable to know whether or not the patient has been receiving IVDU or blood transfusion including possible drug addiction and vaccination history since HIV virus can be transmitted through the use of needle via blood contact. Other information should include asking whether or not the patient has been diagnosed with hepatitis B or C, neoplasms, night sweats, adenopathy, pharyngitis, mouth and anal pain, depression, and significant changes in sleeping patterns. All these factors increases the chances that the patient will have low immune system making her easily infected with HIV virus. It concerns me that the patient has a history of recurring pneumonia, had a smoking history, fatigue, 7-lbs unintentional weight loss during the past six months, and has a long history of an abnormal vaginal yeast infection. Since the patient has recurring pneumonia and has 5-day history of fever, dyspnea, and right-sided pleuretic chest pain, I would like to ask whether or not the patient is experiencing shortness of breath and cough since these symptoms together with the patient’s health complaints are associated with opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) – the most common type of respiratory infection, and Myocobacterium avium complex (MAC) / Mycobacterium avium intracellular (MAI) which is the common bacterial infection among the patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) / HIV infection (Johnson, 2004, p. 2). With regards to fatigue and 7-lbs unintentional weight loss during the past six months, I would like to ask whether the patient is experiencing loss of appetite, nausea, oral and esophageal candidiasis which is often characterized by painful white patches when swallowing food, oral lesions, or retrosternal pain (Johnson, 2004, p. 2). All these additional questions are necessary

Leadership and governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership and governance - Essay Example Since the leaders tend to build a group of followers as they set their ideologies, the paper also looks at the characteristics of followers and what their role should be in ensuring that they participate in the organizations’ governance and aide in the achievement of the set goals. The actions of the leaders in governing the organization will mean the difference between the success and the failure of the organization. Due to this fact, the characteristics of good leaders and the management skills that should be applied in governance have been addressed in the paper. The roles f different people in an organization have been discussed in the paper. Among those include the role of executives, managers and other leaders in the organizations. Some of their roles overlap like overseeing the general performance of the organization. Their different roles will therefore be explained in details and what is expected from them both by their subordinates and the organization. Leaders have the responsibility to ensure that an organization succeeds in achieving oits set goals and follow the plans that have been put underway. This paper addresses the relationship between leadership and governance and the roles of different people in an organization in trying to achieve the goals set by the organization. The people in leadership positions have more than a responsibility to lead the organization. They are the role models who set the pace for all the other workers in the organization and help to show them the vision of the organization and strategies that should be used to actualize the vision. This is done by practicing good governance and setting up plans and strategies that can be actualized. The leaders have the role of uniting and motivating the workers in an organization. If they fail in this fundamental role then that could mean the failure of the whole organization in

Political Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Terrorism - Essay Example To answer this question let us look at the definition of terrorism. Political terrorism is a mode of warfare and has a different meaning for different people and in this is the conundrum in defining political terrorism. For the developed world the Libyan-supported attacks on the airports at Rome and Vienna in 1985 were acts of political terrorism by Libya and the revolutionary elements using armed struggle to promote their aims at securing freedom. From the perspective of Libya, however it was the retaliatory attack by the powerful United States of America in 1986 that was an act of political terrorism, for it was purely with the objective of putting fear into Libya and the insurgent groups that violence would be met with violence. Thus searching for a universally accepted definition of political terrorism is futile exercise and there would be better reward in trying to understand what political terrorism means (Merari, 2007). There are three basic elements that go into providing an understanding of political terrorism. The first is that the destructive violence seen in mode of warfare of political violent is unlike the conventional open combat and is essentially in used by stealth. The second basic element is the principal targets of this violence is political and even when the targets are not political, the message attempted to be communicated through the violence is political. The final basic element in political terrorism is that it is used by insurgent groups against the state or as recourse by the state. Thus the main players in political terrorism are insurgent groups acting against the state or the state by itself (Ronczkowski, 2004). Terror as a weapon has a long history and is not a development of the twentieth century. However, the nature of terrorism that society faces today is far different from the earlier experiences and as a coherent philosophy is rooted in

Old Testement Summaries Essay Example for Free

Old Testement Summaries Essay Isaiah The book of Isaiah is of the Prophetic genre. The basic theme of this book is found in Isaiah’s name: â€Å"Salvation Is of the Lord,† Isaiah was one of the greatest prophets of the Bible. Isaiah Prophesized that the messiah would be born in Bethlehem by a virgin. Isaiah was called the â€Å"evangelical prophet† because of his clear and detailed messianic prophecies. Isaiah spoke condemnation on the men in Judah because of their sins. In Isaiah God granted Hezekiah a fifteen-year extension of his life. Isaiah prophesized that Babylon would be judged and destroyed and God’s people would be released from captivity. The last chapters of Isaiah speak on peace, prosperity, and how justice would prevail. It also speaks on how God will make all things new. Proverbs The genre of Proverbs is wisdom. Proverbs describes the importance of living wisely and in the fear of the lord as opposed to following the seduction path of evil. Proverbs basically is a book of knowledge and understanding of life. The purpose of Proverbs is for gaining wisdom and directions, for receiving instructions on doing what’s right and just and fair. Proverbs tells us that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge. It also tells us to trust in the lord with all our hearts, and lean not on our own understanding; in all our ways acknowledge him, and he shall direct our path. Exodus The genre of Exodus is law. The theme of this book is that God reveals himself to his people and delivers them from slavery in Egypt to establish a covenant with them in the desert. This was done through Moses by the power of God through plagues. In Exodus reveals his name, his attributes, is redemption, his law and how he is to be worshiped. God departed the red sea allowing Israel to cross. The Egyptians followed and was destroyed in the red sea after God closed the sea. Judges The book of Judges is a narrative genre. The theme is in danger of losing the Promised Land; the Israelites are delivered again and again by God through leaders known as â€Å"judges.† The Israelites failed due to a lack of faith in God and a lack of obedience to him. In Judges God spoke to Moses from the burning bush, and promised to deliver the Israelites from enslavement. Sampson was destroyed due to his disobedience and due to his revealing his secret to Delilah. Daniel The genre of this book is Prophecy. The theme of Daniel is that God is sovereign over all kingdoms on earth. Daniel was one of the Prophets that found favor with God because of his faith, obedience and is belief in God. Daniel being a man of God was able to interpret the King’s dreams and visions. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-Nego refused to serve Nebuchadnezzar’s Gods and were thrown into the burning fiery furnace. but because of their faith in the Most High God was protected from the burning fiery furnish. Daniel was thrown into the Lion’s Den because he was worshipping God three times a day but because of his Faith in God, God closed the Lion’s mouth and Daniel used them as pillows.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story that deals with many different issues that woman in the 19th century had to deal with on a daily basis. Some of these issues were within their control, but many of them were outside of the realm of control for women. The main point that I will focus on is how restricted societal roles can cause insanity. I will do this by deciphering the meaning of the "yellow wallpaper" and its symbolism. In my opinion, I believe that once we get a better understanding of the author's interest in this subject area and get a feel for life in the 19th century, then we will have a better understanding of the story. First, let's take a look at the background of Gilman before and after she wrote The Yellow Wallpaper. Gilman lived during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and she definitely had her fair share of troubles. Her biggest struggle in life was living within the constraints of a society that put women in a class apart from everyone else; when in her heart she felt that she was an equal counterpart to men. She suffered depression from this problem for many years, until finally she was seem by a world-famous neurologist, Dr. Weir Mitchell, who simply prescribed her with rest. This "rest period" sent her into an even deeper state of depression, which she didn't come out of until she tried to resume her normal life, along with joining the American Woman Suffrage Association as a writer and active participant. Unfortunately, Gilman's life got so bad that her condition got worse and she fell to the insanity level, eventually causing her to commit suicide with chloroform. Now that we have a little background on the author, we can take a closer look at the actual work and its characters. The two main characters of the story a narrator and her husband, John, and the story takes place in the 19th century. Life for the two is like most other marriages in this time frame, only the narrator is not like most other wives. She has this inner desire to be free from the societal roles that confine her and to focus on her writing, while John in content with his life and thinks that his wife overreacts to everything. Traditionally, in this era, the man was responsible for taking care of the woman both financially and emotionally, while the woman was solely responsible for remaining at home. This w... ...John comes home and finds the door locked. He begs her to open it and she tells him "The key is down by the front door under a plantain leaf!" (Gilman 669) When he comes back and opens the door, he sees her ripping the rest of the paper off the wall, with the rope tied around her and he faints. This is when John realizes that his wife has reached the point of hysteria and is insane. But, the narrator sees it differently. She declares that she is now free by saying: "I've got out at last,..in spite of you and Jane! And I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back!" (Gilman 669) The one theme that I pulled out of The Yellow Wallpaper only cracks the surface of understanding this story. The wallpaper was used by Gilman as a medium to expose the constraints that were placed upon women in the 19th century. The same constraints that she utterly despised and tried so hard to get rid of them. The narrator's overexposure to the wallpaper was just like Gilman's overexposure to societal roles. They both needed to get out in order to keep their minds intact. Eventually they both did, but it took a long time and a big toll on their mental health and psyche. The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story that deals with many different issues that woman in the 19th century had to deal with on a daily basis. Some of these issues were within their control, but many of them were outside of the realm of control for women. The main point that I will focus on is how restricted societal roles can cause insanity. I will do this by deciphering the meaning of the "yellow wallpaper" and its symbolism. In my opinion, I believe that once we get a better understanding of the author's interest in this subject area and get a feel for life in the 19th century, then we will have a better understanding of the story. First, let's take a look at the background of Gilman before and after she wrote The Yellow Wallpaper. Gilman lived during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and she definitely had her fair share of troubles. Her biggest struggle in life was living within the constraints of a society that put women in a class apart from everyone else; when in her heart she felt that she was an equal counterpart to men. She suffered depression from this problem for many years, until finally she was seem by a world-famous neurologist, Dr. Weir Mitchell, who simply prescribed her with rest. This "rest period" sent her into an even deeper state of depression, which she didn't come out of until she tried to resume her normal life, along with joining the American Woman Suffrage Association as a writer and active participant. Unfortunately, Gilman's life got so bad that her condition got worse and she fell to the insanity level, eventually causing her to commit suicide with chloroform. Now that we have a little background on the author, we can take a closer look at the actual work and its characters. The two main characters of the story a narrator and her husband, John, and the story takes place in the 19th century. Life for the two is like most other marriages in this time frame, only the narrator is not like most other wives. She has this inner desire to be free from the societal roles that confine her and to focus on her writing, while John in content with his life and thinks that his wife overreacts to everything. Traditionally, in this era, the man was responsible for taking care of the woman both financially and emotionally, while the woman was solely responsible for remaining at home. This w... ...John comes home and finds the door locked. He begs her to open it and she tells him "The key is down by the front door under a plantain leaf!" (Gilman 669) When he comes back and opens the door, he sees her ripping the rest of the paper off the wall, with the rope tied around her and he faints. This is when John realizes that his wife has reached the point of hysteria and is insane. But, the narrator sees it differently. She declares that she is now free by saying: "I've got out at last,..in spite of you and Jane! And I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back!" (Gilman 669) The one theme that I pulled out of The Yellow Wallpaper only cracks the surface of understanding this story. The wallpaper was used by Gilman as a medium to expose the constraints that were placed upon women in the 19th century. The same constraints that she utterly despised and tried so hard to get rid of them. The narrator's overexposure to the wallpaper was just like Gilman's overexposure to societal roles. They both needed to get out in order to keep their minds intact. Eventually they both did, but it took a long time and a big toll on their mental health and psyche.

United States and Foreign Policy Statement

De Loom letter 5. Filipino revolutionary leader 6. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating the peace treaty for this war 7. Act that established Puerco Rice as an incorporated territory of the LISA 8. Amendment to the USA war declaration against Spain that asserted Cuban independence after the war 9. Rebel insurgents who hoped to expel foreigners from China 13. Name of the voluntary Calvary unit credited with capturing San Juan Hill 16. City in which the Spanish-American War peace treaty was signed 18. U. S. Battleship that sank dramatically in Havana harbor in 1898 19. Renegade Mexican revolutionary hunted by the U. S. For 11 months 20. Nation that denied the U. S. Bid to constructs canal through the isthmus of Panama 22. Territory the William Seward arranged for the USA to purchase in 1867United States and Foreign Policy Statement By Rolls-Trace after Queen Ill surrendered her throne 1 1 . Policy initiated by Secretary Hay that called for free trade in China 12. Harb or in the Philippines that was captured by Commodore Dewey 14. Tabloid reporting that sensationalists the news in order to investments 17. Belief that it was America's divine right to control all the territory legitimated U. S. Intervention in Mexico 7. Act that established Puerco Rice as an incorporated territory of the USA 8. Hunted by the U. S. For 11 months 20. Nation that denied the U. S. Bid to construct a

Ethics in Food Labeling and Packaging

Ethical Food Labeling and Packaging After seeing the ad on television or in the weekly grocer flyer, seeing the actual labeling on a product is what consumers have to make informed choices. What started out to be another form of advertising and last attempt to sell a product, food packaging and labeling has been regulated through the FDA and FD&C to require certain information. It was declared to be the policy of the Congress to assist consumers and manufacturers in reaching these goals in the marketing of consumer goods (Regulatory).Beyond giving the name of the food, net quantity of contents, name and address of manufacturer, statement of ingredients and nutrition information, a product can still be misleading beyond the principal display panels. Accurate and legally complete labels make sense from the standpoints of both ethics and good business (Scott par. 1). Consumers depend on product labels every day to make informed decisions when buying products and those misleading and dec eptive labels make it much more difficult to make good purchasing decisions.Proper labeling to provide the consumer with useful, factual information was the rationale for the original FDCA misbranding provisions, and that motivation has not changed in more than half a century (Committee). Label information can be used to mislead the consumer by providing untrue information or to exaggerate their products’ features. As an example, nutrient information claiming â€Å"low fat†, â€Å"100% natural† or â€Å"organic† have been used on products that left out pertinent information in supporting those claims.Unlike 100% Organic, Organic and Made with Organic Processes, which have tight regulations, the FDA has almost no regulations about the use of the word â€Å"natural†. The FDA has not developed a definition for use of the term natural or its derivatives, however the agency had not objected to the use of the term if the food does not contain added color , artificial flavors or synthetic substances (Committee).A product may contain a claim regarding company processes are green or environmentally friendly, however without the claim being associated to the actual business; consumers are left to think that the product itself lines up with the claim due to mislabeling. There are many cases that the packaging does not represent the actual product. For instance, the packaging of a certain product looks nice and attractive. However, when a consumer opens the package, the product does not look as good as it appears on the packaging.Common deceptive packaging tricks include encasing small products in large containers or decreasing the amount of the product in a box (Margaret). Manufacturers have downsized their product, yet kept the same price and closely the same package with a new net weight listed, looking very similar to the previously larger size on the shelves not too long ago (Sullivan). As long as the products didn’t falsely d o all the above and keep the net weight at the same amount, the manufacturer is abiding by the packaging and labeling act.Slack-filled packaging reveals packaging that looks empty or having less of the product than it could actually contain. Yet again, there are legitimate reasons as to why the consumer pays for air. Companies using same sized containers to sell different-sized products to save on packaging costs, added space helps air circulate, preserving freshness and other statements regarding why food items are not packed full can and have been justified (Sullivan).Sullivan maintains that ultimately the reason is to mislead consumers due to the perception that the larger the box, the better the deal. Concerns about environmental and ethical values are closely related. Customers are increasingly seeking to purchase products from companies that are taking care of our environment (Carbonfree). The Federal Trade Commission regulates environmental marketing claims so consumers can b e reasonably confident that any promises apply to most of the packaging or contents of the product and not to â€Å"minor, incidental components†(Margaret).Excessive paper or wrapping and the harms caused by non-biodegradable materials have become a hot topic and companies have realized the public is equally concerned about the ethics of packaging. Not only having safe and effective packaging equipment qualifies companies as being ethical, but the processes and working conditions of employees are under the microscope as well. As an example, a company that produces sugar can have the claim of being â€Å"Carbon Free†.For many consumers, this sounds good and well intentioned, however the claim is not directly for the product but instead meant for how the product was manufactured. Without statements tying the two together the general public will continue to be misled or misinformed. The claim of packaging made out of recycled material when only a small percentage of the c ontainer was indeed recycled is a continuation of product misrepresentation and manufacturers point to shoplifting as an explanation for packing items in difficult-to-open containers (Margaret).Margaret points out that even this issue leads to the environmental issues of how much energy is being expended to produce, ship and properly store the deceptively large packages. Certain food processes have been tolerated that go against what the product represented and are not mentioned on the food label itself. Within the food industry there isn’t a right to know what is in the food as well as the manufacturing processes. Andrews reported that processing aids are substances used to aid food production, which are not found at significant levels in the final product and have no â€Å"functional or technical effects† on the food. Lean finely textured beef† (LFTB) otherwise known as â€Å"Pink Slime† is produced by mashing and sterilizing beef scraps with ammonia. Ev en though a large portion of the burger patties produced, including McDonald’s up until recently, undergo the ammonia cleanse, there is no need to label it due to the FDA and USDA not requiring food makers to list processing aids on labels (Andrews). The Food Safety and Inspection Service have thirteen categories of processing aids used in the production of meat, poultry and eggs.Processing aids are defined as a material used to process the food, but having no intentional technical effect on the food itself and having the potential of trace levels to remain in the food after the manufacturing process (Magazine). Based on new government legislations, enhanced media coverage and sensationalism, increased company and personal responsibility and heightened consumer vigilance and demands, the growing global food industry is undergoing a new level of increased controls through new certifications, standards and moving towards global harmonization (Magazine).Consumers ought to break out their grocery calculators and see what gets the best bang for the buck instead of flashy packaging and wording that captures the â€Å"wants† instead of the â€Å"needs† of its consumer base. As Sullivan noted, compare unit prices provided on store shelves as this is the only way to compare a type of product with another. The best thing a consumer can do is vote with their food dollars and to vote smart. As regulations within food packaging and labeling get a closer look it is still up to the consumer to make the decisions best for them and their families.